Rresource Managements and Employee Involvement †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Rresource Managements and Employee Involvement. Answer: Introduction This is the art of using organizational resources in the improvement of efficiency and expansion of productivity. This can be used in the solving of problems in the organization. It can also be used to analyze any process and get a way that is more efficient in doing such a process. There is need to invest time and money in the implementation of organizational development. The costs are only justified if the importance is understood. How mangers can use organizational development to bring change in the organizations Organizational development can be used in various ways to bring change in a particular organization. Survey feedback; this is where information is collected using survey methods. The information collected can be used in the decision making by managers. Data can be collected regarding working hours, wages and salaries, attitude of employees etc. through analysis of this data problem are identified and solutions sought (Aguinis and Kraiger, p. 473). This information collected can be discussed by the team members and plans made with an aim of making necessary changes. Team building; team building can be designed so as to make improvements regarding abilities of employees and in the process motivate them to work as a team. This technique can easily emphasize on team building or by formation of working groups so as to improve the effectiveness of organization. Its a good application of training on sensitivity among teams from various departments. Group discussions in these teams can be done under the supervision of experts. This is a good platform for employees to freely express their views and thus increases ones sensitivity to other peoples behavior (Pichler, Simpson and Stroh, p. 472). It also exposes people to creative thinking and understanding of the socio-psychological behavior of their colleagues at work. Sensitivity training; its a popular organizational development intervention. This is where employees can be asked to interact and its aim is to assist people in the understanding of each other and they are able to get a good insight .this makes them feel free and be more fearless. This assists one to become more defensive of themselves, become less fearful of other peoples intentions but more responsive to their colleagues needs (Jawahar and McLaughlin, p. 400). This makes them to be less interpretive of others. Interpersonal relationships are also built up well due to the free interactions. Openness is built up, listening skills improved and tolerance level for each other increased. Managerial grid; this grid can be used in the identification of main dimensions of management behavior. These dimensions are both people and production oriented. This brings about the increase in attention to both people and production (Lin and Edvinsson, p. 535). Management by objectives; this method can be used to achieve organizational objectives it can also be used to evaluate and review performance at work. The responsibility to achieve these objectives is entirely in the hands of managers. It gives room for the assessment of the performance of managers and its therefore result oriented. Brain storming; this technique can be adapted by a group of 5-8 managers who come together and get a solution to some problem. It gives room for creative thinking and thus development of new ideas. This technique generates an atmosphere in which people can share ideas and express themselves freely. Process consultation; this is a more task oriented technique and the consultant is meant to give feedback from the trainees (Kujansivu and Lonnqvist, p. 263). Necessary guidance is given on how some problems can be solved. Therefore, with this technique proper diagnosis of problems is done and solutions sought. Transactional analysis; this technique can be used in helping people to understand each other in a better way. This assists in the development of an adult ego among people of the organization. Its of great importance in the consultation and team building exercises in the organization. Use of LMX theory In achieving organizational change the LMX theory plays a great role. This theory which first emerged in the 1970s lays some focus on the relationship which develops between members of any team and their managers. In this theory all the relationships between subordinates and managers has to pass in three stages which include role taking, role making and reutilization. At the role taking phase mangers use this time in the assessment of the skills and abilities of new members .while in the role making stage people begin to take on tasks and projects as they are now part of the team (Dragoni, et al., p. 736). A lot is expected from team members by managers. At the reutilization stage there is establishment of routines between managers and team members. The team members therefore work hard in the maintaining good relationships among themselves. Why managers should use organizational development to bring change in the organizations Its very necessary for managers to use organizational development techniques to bring changes in organization. Organizational change; through the process of OD different areas of company operations that need change are identified and the necessary change is made (Lindbom, p. 105). All the identified needs will be able to be analyzed and the necessary effects made on the management plan. Growth; this OD is a good tool when it comes to managing ad planning of corporate growth. Sales projections and consumer demands are brought together via this OD. This helps in the determination of the rate at which the company grows. Work processes; if OD is adapted by any company, work processes aimed at accuracy and efficiency are well analyzed. This ensures quality control measures are put in place and company standards attained. Product innovation; this requires different kinds of information which has to be successful. Therefore, OD is very critical in the product innovation since it assists in the analysis of every element of a product development and a method for efficient use is created (Chang, p. 51). With OD comes some processes that assist in product innovation and they include competitive analysis, consumer preferences, manufacturing capabilities etc. Increased communication; with OD comes an increase and efficiency in communication, good feedback and increased interactions in the organization. This therefore aligns all the employees to the companys values and goals. Conclusion Organizational development causes synergy, improves working processes, quality and betterment of behaviors in any organization. This is because with OD almost all the problems occurring in the organization are dealt with. Its also clear that this OD enables people to work as human beings and not just as mere resources in the productive processes in an organization. Organization members are therefore encouraged to achieve their full potential and thus grow and live by their core values. Its therefore a good strategy to be adapted by any company that values employee growth and customer satisfaction. References Aguinis, H., Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60: 451-474. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505 Chang S (2007). Valuing intellectual capital and firms' performance: Modifying Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC(TM)) in Taiwan IT industry. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Golden Gate University, San Francisco p 51. Dragoni, L., Tesluk, P. E., Russell, J. E. A., Oh, I. (2009). Understanding managerial development: Integrating developmental assignments, learning orientation, and access to developmental opportunities in predicting managerial competencies. Academy of Management Journal, 52: 731-743. doi:10.5465/AMJ.2009.43669936 Jawahar IM, McLaughlin GL (2001). Toward a Descriptive Stakeholder Theory: An Organizational Life Cycle Approach. Acad. Manag. Rev. 26(3): 397-414. Kujansivu P, Lonnqvist A (2007). How do investments in intellectual capital create profits? Int. J. Learning Intellectual Capital, 4(3): 256- 275. Lin CY, Edvinsson L (2008). National intellectual capital: comparison of the Nordic countries. J. Intellectual Capital, 9(4): 525-545. Lindbom, D. (2007), A culture of coaching: the challenge of managing performance for long-term results, Organization Development Journal, Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 101-6. Pichler, S., Simpson, P. A., Stroh, L. K.( 2008). The glass ceiling in human resources: Exploring the link between womens representation in management and the practices of strategic human resource managements and employee involvement. Human Resource Management, 47: 463-479. doi:10.1002/hrm.20227

Indemnity and Compensation

Question: Describe about the Indemnity and Compensation? Answer: Introduction Cannon and McGurk (2010) opined that indemnity is the monetary benefit given to an individual to protect the individual against any future loss. However, compensation is given as a substitute of a loss that the individual has incurred. Hence, both indemnity and compensation serves the same purpose for an individual but at different phases of life. Evaluation The agreement of indemnity provides protection to the individual against any fore coming loss. When compensation is paid, the individual receives the monetary payment against some emergency loss that the individual has incurred. Hence, Mock et al. (2010) suggested that an individual cannot avoid an indemnity agreement. It is a legal obligation on the part of the insurer to pay the amount of indemnity to the insured. However, compensation can be avoided because the payment of compensation depends upon the personal wish and monetary strength of the individual. Bhatia (2010) suggested that the term indemnity is rightfully used about the payment made by an insurance company to the insured individual against the insured asset. However, compensation payment does not involve any insurance policy. In general, situations the relief funds payment made by the government are considered compensations. For instance the government provided food, clothes and sufficient monetary funds to the Ebola affected areas in order to help the Ebola affected people. This is considered as compensation. However, in this similar example if the individuals affected by Ebola have personal insurance with some insurance company then the individual is entitled to receive monetary benefits in form of indemnity from the insurance company as well. McGuinness (2010) commented that the basic difference between the two terms in regarding the bearer of the financial risk. In case of indemnity, payment the insurer is the bearer of the risk and incase of compensation payment the government or any local authority is the bearer of the risk. In case of compensation there may be no legal or written obligation concerning the duty of payment of the government. However, compensation payment is a national duty of all governments and local authorities. Milkovich et al. (2010) stated that the government collects tax revenues from the individuals in a particular country hence the compensation policy is designed to ensure the welfare of the citizens and the revenue is collected indirectly from the amounts of tax revenues. However, payment of indemnity requires a legal recording of the indemnity agreement. Section 4 of the States of Frauds act 1677 states that guarantee of indemnity must be produced in writing in a contract form in order to make the agreement enforceable. The clause of indemnity is present in both insurance and contracts. In case of insurance, the insurance company makes payments to the individuals for the actual financial loss up to a certain limit as mentioned in the policy contract. However, in all cases the individual affected by the loss is required to give proofs of the same before the recovery can be made. Hence, Lee (2012) suggested that the indemnity amount that the individual will recover would depend upon the amount of loss the individual can prove although if the mentioned value in the policy is higher than the amount of loss sustained. However, in case of compensation the individual can expect any amount from the government depending upon the intensity of the loss. Baran et al. (2012) suggested that this can be an advantage as well as a disadvantage for the individual. The loss compensated depends upon the personal evaluation of the compensator and hence there is no guarantee over the amount of money that the individual can recover. For instance, Mr. As bike collided with Mr. Bs car. A incurred several injuries and the head light of the bike broke and the bike sustained several repairs (Zebrowski, 1982). Since there was not agreement between the two parties, hence Mr. B was not legally bound to indemnify Mr. A. However, on emotional grounds Mr. B agreed to pay compensation to Mr. A. The compensation amount paid was negligible and Mr. A was not even able to compensate the repair charges with the same. Hence, the individual sustained both physical and financial loss in respect of compensation scheme. However since Mr . A was insured with an insurance company and had a vehicle insurance hence on submission of the proofs of loss he was able to indemnify his losses (Hansen, 2010). Conclusion In general, context individuals tend to think that the concepts of compensation and indemnity are similar; however, the above discussion shows the basic conceptual difference between the two terms. Thus, an individual to avail the necessary benefits against all types of financial losses needs to make themselves indemnify with an insurer and also may claim compensation on the grounds of severe injuries. References Baran, A., Bigus, J., Eckhardt, P. and Van Roosebeke, B. (2012).Alternatives to investor compensation schemes and their impact. Brussels: European Parliament. Bhatia, K. (2010).Compensation management. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House. Cannon, M. and McGurk, B. (2010).Professional indemnity insurance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hansen, F. (2010). Currents in Compensation and Benefits.Compensation Benefits Review, 42(1), pp.3-15. Lee, K. (2012). Uncertain indemnity and the demand for insurance.Theory and Decision, 73(2), pp.249-265. McGuinness, K. (2010).Guarantee and indemnity. Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Canada. Milkovich, G., Newman, J. and Cole, N. (2010).Compensation. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Mock, R., Savage, A. and Simkin, M. (2010). The Ethics of Indemnity Clauses in Academic Publication Contracts.Issues in Accounting Education, 25(2), pp.267-278. Zebrowski, M. (1982). Indemnity Clauses and Workers' Compensation: A Proposal for Preserving the Employer's Limited Liability.California Law Review, 70(6), p.1421.

Marketing Environment an Example of the Topic Education and science by

Marketing Environment by Expert Ellah PHD | 16 Dec 2016 Many companies are now using and/or are shifting to e-Business, and this exaggerated the effectiveness of marketing. Before using the non-e-Business, companies had problems with identifying, segmenting, and targeting the consumers, one of the reasons why a company cannot stabilize. Using the electronic technology nowadays, companies need not spend more time and penny in order to track the behaviors and patterns of the consumers as it was 50 years ago. Using the information gathered from tracking, companies can design products and effectively execute marketing initiatives that covers not just advertising but as well as planning and executing the conception, pricing, and promotion. Marketing also distributes ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges, which looks forward to satisfy inpidual and organizational objectives. The four Ps in marketing, product, pricing, promotion, and placement/distribution, were made simpler and easier with the quick hand of analysis of capabilities thr ough e-technology. Need essay sample on "Marketing Environment" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Also, more and more business transactions and processes are aided by technology that can create, improve, or align the product to customers needs. Affiliate Marketing Strategy for e-business, for instance, uses one site to lead track to online marketing which is similar to manufacturers that pay commissions to selling agents. Companies like Amazon use affiliate marketing reduce the cost-way to acquire customers. For each client who access on the companys logo and buy from the company, content site partners called affiliates, will get an income. A 15% commission of the sales is given by the Amazon for every customer/client referred to the company. The needs of the customer/client of Amazon are addressed by the companys report. The affiliate program is also known as syndicated selling (James, 2007). Content sponsorship, direct selling, infomediary, and intermediaries are all parts of the e-business model marketing strategy. For intermediaries, there are brokers for an online exchange, agent, and e-tailer. Next, an agent represents the seller, which is the affiliate program. Manufacturer's agent, metamediary, virtual mail, purchasing agent, shopping agent, reverse auction, and buyer cooperative are additional classifications. An e-tailer is a bit vendor for tangible products. The Amazon uses multilevel marketing network. The company gets information through the aide of the internet, and finds new customers as well as discovers new opportunities with existing customers and target new markets in effect to a fast-changing business world using that information. Its successful sales and marketing with the aide of the internet are due to five reasons. First, the company sets specific criteria to find competent leads, and develop effective lead-generation processes. Second, with extensive and accurate information in the internet, Amazon is able to project and makes it easy to clients/consumers to mail and provides the lists of sales leads online. Third, Amazon discovers new opportunities, and grab on the competitive landscape and target for business marketing programs. Fourth, clients get an easy search access of the Amazon. And lastly, the company is aided by powerful and cost-effective online tools. It helps create accurate lists of targeted sales leads. The company and its products and operations are known geographically speaking. For that reason, the lines of business bring the bulk of sales to the company. Furthermore, Amazon has extensive and impressive roster of brand names or customers. Not only that the company can access its competitors, but also the clients. EBay uses the same strategy as Amazon for its major products that include clothes, collectibles and sports equipments. As an auction company that needs larger market, it employs the internet where thousands of people could be the clients. This tool has also been used by ETRADE that gives answers and information for ebusiness. Important considerations like practicality, affordability and scalability of ebusiness are its concern. Similarly, one of the worlds leading computer manufacturers, Dell, has transformed and persified into wide range of business segments, which remains to be global over the years. Indeed, the strategy of Dell is global. The use of the internet to put the consumer closer to its market enables them to build customer base. Dell also finds the brick and mortar market strategy. As a result, sales offices and manufacturing outlets across North America, Europe, Asia and South America, are established. This way it has been able to gauge the local customers' needs as well as services desired. This strategy to gauge on local consumers was before and again is the strategy of Schwab, Gateway, Staples, and Borders. Even the company is global in approach; it cannot miss to think of the local consumers. Staples are effective on distributing promotional items that can help the company achieve a number of goals. In shifting to e-business the company still applies to generate referrals and repeat customers, memorable messages on promotional pens or t-shirts, etc, and give aways (Gallagher, 2007). There is no problem for the companies who start the business offline to later decide to extend the business online. In summary, ebusiness makes strategies and makes the business successful because of the transformation on how customers find the go-to place for information. Second is that customer find the way through the internet where they can expect to browse the products they want, and purchase it, because companies can place a wide range for customer information, thus greatly tracking the consumers who have the highest potential for purchasing products. Third, the e-business takes prospects right to the sale. After the customer had experience the promotion, he/she can immediately purchase the product. Fourth somehow takes an advantage to ebusiness over the brick-and-mortar. Ebusiness conveys a perception of being a full-service provider because for distributors and retailers, the company is an easy and comprehensive supplier. While brick-and-mortar are often judged by the inventory that is actually on hand and service provide at store. Fifth, ebusiness provides lower overhead, lower costs and better service like for music, publications, graphic design products because delivery is through digital form. And lastly, ebusiness creates worldwide presence through communication and distribution channel that offers global access on companys products and services. References: Edeh, C. (2007). Internet marketing Yesterday and Today: a Research Report [Electronic Version], 1-8. Retrieved August 24, 2007 Gallagher, M. (2007). Put Promotional Goods to Work for Your Business [Electronic Version], 1. Retrieved August 24, 2007 from http://www.staples.com/sbd/content/article/o-r/promoproduct.html James. (2007). Affiliate Marketing Strategy for e-Business. [Electronic Version], 1. Retrieved August 24, 2007 from http://resources.alibaba.com/topic/48102/Affiliate_Marketing_Strategy_for_e_Business.htm

Procedural Essay Topics

Procedural Essay TopicsOne of the major advantages of writing a good essay is that you can tailor it to suit your personality. That is a great trait to have. Many people like being able to present an argument or point of view in their essay. They are often proud of their writing abilities and would be thrilled with the chance to write an essay, so they become even more passionate about their career when this is used.If you want to get a better jump on writing your essay, then you should try looking at some procedural essay topics. These topics can take a bit of work, but it will pay off in the end.The first thing you need to do is decide what type of topic you are going to focus on. For example, you could write a procedural essay on: the fact that murder cases are harder to win than other types of cases, technicalities in the law, legislation in congress, or judicial interpretation. The types of topics will depend on your personality, your likes, and what you enjoy. You will have to determine what you like to talk about, and what it is that you are best at.After you decide which topic you want to write on, you will have to figure out what you are going to write about. It is important to have a very clear picture in your mind of what you are going to write. Sometimes, just having a question in your head can make things come out a bit differently than you would like them to. Once you know exactly what you are going to write, you can move on to taking action and getting the idea down on paper.You have to consider many factors when choosing a topic, and it might be hard to make a decision on what to write about unless you think you can write it well. It is also a good idea to have a plan in mind, and it helps to be organized. If you have a goal in mind, it will help you decide if your topic is a good one or not.You will need to think about what type of writing you would like to do, and how involved in the subject matter you would like to be. If you don't think you will be involved in the subject matter, then you will need to consider a different topic. This might require some research, so it is best to find something you are interested in.When you start thinking about the topic, you should consider what questions you would like to ask about it. You can also consider where you might go with it, if you choose to submit it to a school or university.If you don't want to write about a specific topic, then you can consider other areas of law such as criminal law or immigration law. If you would like to have some practice, you can choose to write on a topic you have some knowledge about, or you can choose to write a sample case.

Prenatal Care Essays

Prenatal Care Essays Prenatal Care Paper Prenatal Care Paper It is very important that you begin your prenatal care early, and continue this care regularly throughout your pregnancy. You want to give your baby a healthy start in life. You also want to make sure that you stay healthy, too. Your health, and your babys health, are closely tied together. When you are pregnant, everything you do can have an effect on your baby. That is why it is important to see your doctor as soon as you think you might be pregnant and then to continue with regular visits once the diagnosis is confirmed. Throughout your pregnancy, your doctor will perform a number of tests and procedures to make sure both you and baby are doing fine. You will also be given advice on how to take care of yourself so your baby will be born in the best possible health. This means eating plenty of dairy products, meat, fresh vegetables and fruits, and whole grain breads and cereals, and limiting your intake of fat, cholesterol and salt. During pregnancy, your body requires more of certain nutrients such as calcium and iron. Your doctor may recommend a supplement if you are not getting enough from your diet. By the end of your pregnancy, you should only have gained in the range of 20 to 35 pounds. It is also very important not to or take any that have not been! approved by your doctor. Many women continue to exercise during most of their pregnancy; however, it is important to check with your doctor first to decide on an exercise program that is right for you. During the first visit, you will be asked for details about your complete medical history, including medical conditions, surgeries, past pregnancies and habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol. You will have a complete physical as well, with examination of the heart, lungs and breasts in addition to a Pap smear and pelvic exam. The doctor may order tests to rule out sexually transmitted diseases. You will need to give samples of blood for tests to assess your blood type and blood count, to see whether you have hepatitis or HIV, and to check whether you are immune to rubella. Additional testing may be done depending on your history. In addition to the routine blood work with the first visit, blood tests are done between 16-20 weeks and again at 28 weeks. The former is an optional test to screen for neural-tube defects such as spina bifida and Down syndrome. a repeat blood count to check for anemia. Depending on your age or a family history of certain birth defects, y! ou may be offered genetic testing (CVS or amniocentesis) early in the pregnancy. Subsequent exams are usually every four weeks until your 28th week of pregnancy, then every two weeks until your 37th week. After that, you will be seen weekly. Most of these visits involve checking your weight and blood pressure and testing your urine for protein and sugar. The doctor will listen to the babys heartbeat and measure your uterus, the size of the uterus in centimeters should equal the weeks of pregnancy. She will ask how you are feeling, whether the baby is moving and whether you are experiencing any problems such as cramping, bleeding, headaches or excessive swelling. You should write down any questions you have and ask them each visit. During the last few weeks of pregnancy, your doctor may wish to do a pelvic exam to see if your cervix has begun to dilate The education about what is good for babies and what is harmful, that mothers miss when they dont get the earliest possible care is very critical. If you do not receive any maternity care then you are putting yourself and your baby at serious risks and future problems. Remember, what you do while you are pregnant can effect the rest of your childs life.

What effects does the glass ceiling have on women's career development Research Paper

What effects does the glass ceiling have on women's career development in law firms - Research Paper Example n inherent bias is indicated to exist due to the fact that even though women make up less than 10% of this industry, they are overly represented within the lower positions and a number of studies have indicated they are unlikely to be promoted throughout the course of their career; as compared to their male counterparts (Hoobler & Lemmon, 2009). Furthermore, the researcher denotes the existence of a glass cliff. Within this particular understanding and definition, a glass with merely denotes fact that women are unlikely to exist within levels of upper management and leadership as compared to their male counterparts (Wrigley, 2002). As such, whereas 10% of the total legal profession can be counted as female, a much lower percentage is able to break through the glass ceiling experiences hardship of coming into any type of position of leadership and/or power. Regardless of the factors discussed, it cannot be stated that the glass ceiling has not grown and evolved throughout the course o f the past several decades. Rather than being a static concept, this glass ceiling is redefined and re-engineered in almost every firm that it is extant within the current environment (Ragins et al., 2009). Furthermore, since it is not a static concept, many researchers argue that it is possible for the term to morph and change throughout time and within the organizations that are affected (Bruckmuller & Branscombe, 2011). Furthermore, although many changes have taken place, the glass ceiling and its traditional interpretation and implementation have remained largely unchanged. Rather than accepting its existence outright, the authors attempt to understand some of the causal mechanisms for why the glass ceiling exists and what individual employers and HR managers might do in order to...Naturally, the mere existence of such a â€Å"glass ceiling† portends a degree of sexism and bias with regards to the unwillingness of stakeholders within the employment field being willing and able to promote their female counterparts (Hogue, 2009). As a function of seeking to understand this dynamic, the following analysis will focus specifically on the field of the glass ceiling as it exists within law firms and the legal sphere. It should not be misunderstood by the reader that the glass ceiling is specific to the legal realm. Instead, a more nuanced and broad understanding of the glass ceiling within the legal field does not detract from the glass ceiling as it exists for other industries and professions; rather, it merely helps to underscore the fact that glass ceiling exists within many different professions and specialties. The gender representation within law offices around the country is recognizably skewed. Males outnumber females at a rate of nearly 10:1 in some states. This is an interesting topic as it is indicative of a more nationwide trend and less culturally dependent and/or bound than the ways that the glass ceiling might be exhibited within other secto rs of the economy (Bowling et al., 2006). Rather than accepting its existence outright, the authors attempt to understand some of the causal mechanisms for why the glass ceiling exists and what individual employers and HR managers might do in order to ameliorate its effects.

Issue of our times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue of our times - Essay Example Additionally, most landmines are cheap to construct and deploy right on the ground. The victim might not have any information regarding the existence of mines on the ground and so he or she might trigger it. According to Chevrier (134), the number of deaths caused by landmines is more as compared to statistics of deaths by other arms. The author argues that the combinations of statistics of deaths caused by biological, nuclear and chemical weapons are less compared to deaths as a result of landmines. Additionally, a research by the U.S. department reveals that close to 110 million landmines are deployed in 64 countries. As pointed out above, landmines pose a great danger to the society, and it also affects the economy of the country. The risks associated such as deaths and mutilation of the victims causes a lot of fear to the society. In this senses, large tracks of lands that could have been exploited for agricultural proposes remains unused. In addition, development projects such as road and dam constructions are halted by lands mine. The results can be devastating to the economy because agricultural farms and accessible roads provide jobs to a significant number of people. For example, Matthew et al. (196) point out that close to 8.49% of the Libyan land has been rendered useless because of a large number of landmines deployed in the land. Furthermore, funds that could have been invested somewhere to improve the economy will have to be use for the humanitarian purpose. Matthew et al. (196) explains that the problem caused by landmines differ from one state to another. Some countries could be hav ing large number of landmines, but their problem could be small. The point is that, setback of landmines is based on the square kilometer of arable land that could have been used to grow crops. Landmines could also be fixed in locations reserved for social amenities such as hospitals, bridge, water towers, sewage treatment plants, schools and